How did he define rationalization? What was probably Harriet Martineau’s most important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline? There is a close relationship between sociology and the other social sciences.

Jane Addams, known as the mother of social work, was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace.

According to Karl Marx, the most important factor in social life is a person’s: The self is shaped by society, but society is also shaped by the self. According to symbolic interactionism, what is the relationship between the self and society.

The “beginner’s mind,” a concept borrowed from the Zen Buddhist tradition, is the opposite of the sociological perspective.

Which of the following is the most serious critique of structural functionalism? It tends to argue that any social feature that exists must serve a function.

In analyzing the history of Western societies, Weber focused on rationalism as a unique and central force shaping all Western institutions, including economics, politics, religion, family, stratification systems, and music.

Get a brief introduction to what are considered some of his most important theoretical contributions: his formulation of the connection between ​culture and economy; conceptualizing how people and institutions come to have authority, and how they keep it; and, the “iron cage” of bureaucracy and how it shapes our lives.

Max Weber was a German sociologist who argued bureaucracy was the most efficient and rational model private businesses and public offices could operate in. His bureaucratic theories influenced generations of business leaders and politicians well into the 20th century.

The fourteen principles of management created by Henri Fayol are explained below.

• Division of Work-
• Authority and Responsibility-
• Discipline-
• Unity of Command-
• Unity of Direction-
• Subordination of Individual Interest-
• Remuneration-
• Centralization-

The National Association of Public Administration has identified four pillars of public administration: economy, efficiency, effectiveness and social equity. These pillars are equally important in the practice of public administration and to its success.

Philosophies of Public administration fall broadly in to four classes:

• Intuitionism.
• Perfectionism.
• Utilitarianism.
• Theory of Justice.

A philosophy of administration is very important because of the increasing influence of administration and administrators on social life. Professor Dimock rightly observes “Administration is now so vast an area that a philosophy of administration comes close to being a philosophy of life.”

PHILOSOPHIES OF ADMINISTRATION The original meaning of the word philosophy comes from the Greek roots “philo which means “love” and ”sophos” which means “wisdom.” When someone studies philosophy, they want to understand how and why people do certain things and how to live a good life.

Generally speaking, there are three different common approaches to understanding public administration: Classical Public Administration Theory, New Public Management Theory, and Postmodern Public Administration Theory, offering different perspectives of how an administrator practices public administration.

While public administrators influence many areas of civil service, their efficiency is especially valuable in the following six disciplines of public administration.

• Community Development.
• Sustainability.
• Environmental Management.
• Leadership.
• Crisis Management.
• Public Safety.

Public administration, the implementation of government policies. Today public administration is often regarded as including also some responsibility for determining the policies and programs of governments. Specifically, it is the planning, organizing, directing, coordinating, and controlling of government operations.

The classical, or structural, theory of public administration does not normally admit of multiple theories, but centers around a complex set of variables, ideas and concepts that govern public administration, or state bureaucracy.

The classical theorists are those who are foundational theorists – they are the pioneer thinkers. Among them are included Marx, Weber, Durkheim and Simmel. Though these thinkers have not taken the concept of modernity in a formal way, their works indicate that they are concerned with the processes of modernization.

Henri Fayol

Henri Fayol The classical perspective of management theory pulls largely from these three theorists (Taylor, Weber, and Fayol) and focuses on the efficiency of employees and on improving an organization’s productivity through quantitative (i.e., measurable, data-driven) methods.

The Classical Management Theory. Classical management theory is based on the belief that workers only have physical and economic needs. It does not take into account social needs or job satisfaction, but instead advocates a specialization of labor, centralized leadership and decision-making, and profit maximization.

Increased profit is given priority.

• Concepts of the classical management theory.
• Clear organization hierarchy.
• An easy-to-understand division of labor.
• Increased productivity through monetary rewards.
• Single-leader decision making.
• Limited emphasis on employee job satisfaction and human relations.

Surprisingly, the classical theory developed in three streams- Bureaucracy (Weber), Administrative Theory (Fayol), and Scientific Management (Taylor).

Popular Management Theories

• Scientific Management Theory. American mechanical engineer Frederick Taylor, who was one of the earliest management theorists, pioneered the scientific management theory.
• Systems Management Theory.
• Contingency Management Theory.
• Theory X and Theory Y.

The classical writers include Taylor, Fayol, Weber, Gullick, Urwick, Mooney and Reiley and others. They placed emphasis on work planning, the technical requirements, principles of management, formal structure, and the assumption of rational and logical behaviour.

Whereas Taylor focused on frontline managers, those who handle workers, Fayol focused on top managers, who set strategy, and Weber focused on middle managers, who implement strategy.

Principles of Management by Henri Fayol

• Browse more Topics under Principles Of Management. Concept of Principles of Management.
• 1] Division of Work.
• 2] Authority and Responsibility.
• 3] Discipline.
• 4] Unity of Command.
• 5] Unity of Direction.
• 6] Subordination of Individual Interest.
• 7] Remuneration.

Fayol is oriented towards managerial function. On the contrary, Taylor focussed on production and engineering. The system of wage payment determined by Taylor is differential piece rate system, while Fayol stressed on sharing of profits with managers. The approach of Taylor is termed as Engineer’s approach.

In management theory, Henry Fayol, a French mining engineer contributed fourteen management principles and various concept of a general theory of administration, whereas, F.W.Taylor, an American mechanical engineer improved the theory of scientific management and contributed four management principles.